Задания 12-18
Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании обведите букву A, B, C или D, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.
Esperanto
In some heavily multilingual areas of the world, most people learn a lingua franca – a regional trade language – in addition to their mother tongue. But when someone proposes English or French, say, as a trade language, objections inevitably arise. These languages are notoriously difficult to learn, with strange spellings and numerous grammatical rules and exceptions. But more importantly, they’re loaded with historical and cultural baggage. The only hope for a truly universal language would seem to be an artificial one – a language that is designed to be free from cultural biases and easy to learn. This was precisely the goal of Esperanto.
L. L. Zamenhof grew up in the late 1800s inWarsaw,which was a part of Russia at that time. While still in high school he set out to design a universal artificial language that would facilitate communication within his linguistically diverse community. By the time he finished this side project ten years later, Zamenhof was a practicing ophthalmologist. In 1887, Zamenhof published the first guide in Russian to the new language, which he called “Lingvo Internacia”, meaning “international language”. Zamenhof wrote the textbook under the pseudonym “Esperanto,” meaning “a person who is hoping” in Lingvo Internacia. Fans of the language decided that “Esperanto” had a nicer ring to it, and they soon adopted it as the informal name of the language.
Esperanto was designed to be both easy to learn and culturally neutral. According to some sources, an English speaker can learn Esperanto up to five times faster than Spanish. For starters, Esperanto uses strictly phonetic spelling – a given letter always makes exactly the same sound. Second, the structure of Esperanto is very simple, with only sixteen basic grammatical rules that need to be learned – and no exceptions to the rules such as irregular verbs. And third, Esperanto has a very small core vocabulary; new words are constructed by combining words and adding prefixes and suffixes.
The vocabulary of Esperanto will have a familiar ring to anyone who knows a European language, as roots were borrowed from French, German, and Spanish, among other languages. For examples: “bona” means “good”; “porko” means “pig”; “filo” means “son”; “hundo” means “dog.” One could argue that this selection represents not so much cultural neutrality as Euro-neutrality, but this hasn’t prevented Esperanto from becoming popular in China and some other parts of Asia.
For all its merits, Esperanto has not reached the level of acceptance its creator foresaw more than a century ago. There may be as many as two million people who speak Esperanto with at least a moderate level of proficiency, but probably no more than a few hundred who learned Esperanto at home as their first language and no known speakers over the age of three or so who speak only Esperanto. Ironically, the cultural neutrality that is touted as such a benefit of the language also serves to limit its growth, because languages tend to spread with the cultures that gave rise to them. Alas, unless or until the number of Esperanto speakers reaches a larger critical mass, it will be of little value as a trade language, and without a clear value, it will be difficult to convince people to learn it.
12. According to the text, an artificial language should …
A) be similar to the mother tongues of the majority of speakers.
B) be based on cultural and historical traditions.
C) have clear grammatical rules and exceptions.
D) be simple and culturally neutral.
13. Zamenhof started to work on a new language because …
A) it was his school home assignment.
B) he wanted to improve communication in his multilingual environment.
C) it was an important requirement for his job.
D) he had problems with studying Russian in Warsaw.
14. At first, the word “Esperanto” was used as the …
A) name of the new language.
B) pen-name of the new language designer.
C) title of the book about the new language.
D) name of the place where the new language was designed.
15. According to the text, it is NOT true that …
A) grammatical system of Esperanto is easy.
B) Esperanto is easier for the speakers of English.
C) Esperanto has a simple phonetic system.
D) the new words in Esperanto are built up by joining words.
16. According to the text, Esperanto represents Euro-neutrality because it is …
A) designed for the Europeans.
B) based on European culture.
C) based on different European languages.
D) designed to be used within Europe.
17. The phrase “level of acceptance” in “Esperanto has not reached the level of acceptance its creator foresaw …” (paragraph 5) means the level at which the language is …
A) known.
B) developed.
C) spoken as the first language.
D) used.
18. The purpose of the text is to …
A) encourage people to learn Esperanto.
B) give a general overview of Esperanto.
C) present grammar principles in Esperanto.
D) tell the story of the word “Esperanto”.